Comparison of hypoxia among four river-dominated ocean margins: The Changjiang (Yangtze), Mississippi,Pearl, and Rhône rivers     

C. Rabouille  D.J. Conley  M.H. Dai  W.-J. Cai  C.T.A. Chen  B. Lansard  R. Green  K. Yin  P.J. Harrison  M. Dagg  B. McKee 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

We examined the occurrence of seasonal hypoxia (O₂<2 mg l⁻¹) in the bottom waters of four river-dominated ocean margins (off the Changjiang, Mississippi, Pearl and Rhône Rivers) and compared the processes leading to the depletion of oxygen. Consumption of oxygen in bottom waters is linked to biological oxygen demand fueled by organic matter from primary production in the nutrient-rich river plume and perhaps terrigenous inputs. Hypoxia occurs when this consumption exceeds replenishment by diffusion, turbulent mixing or lateral advection of oxygenated water. The margins off the Mississippi and Changjiang are affected the most by summer hypoxia, while the margins off the Rhône and the Pearl rivers systems are less affected, although nutrient concentrations in the river water are very similar in the four systems. Spring and summer primary production is high overall for the shelves adjacent to the Mississippi, Changjiang and Pearl (1–10 g C m⁻² d⁻¹), and lower off the Rhône River (<1 g C m⁻² d⁻¹), which could be one of the reasons of the absence of hypoxia on the Rhône shelf. The residence time of the bottom water is also related to the occurrence of hypoxia, with the Mississippi margin showing a long residence time and frequent occurrences of hypoxia during summer over very large spatial scales, whereas the East China Sea (ECS)/Changjiang displays hypoxia less regularly due to a shorter residence time of the bottom water. Physical stratification plays an important role with both the Changjiang and Mississippi shelf showing strong thermohaline stratification during summer over extended periods of time, whereas summer stratification is less prominent for the Pearl and Rhône partly due to the wind effect on mixing. The shape of the shelf is the last important factor since hypoxia occurs at intermediate depths (between 5 and 50 m) on broad shelves (Gulf of Mexico and ECS). Shallow estuaries with low residence time such as the Pearl River estuary during the summer wet season when mixing and flushing are dominant features, or deeper shelves, such as the Gulf of Lion off the Rhône show little or no hypoxia.  相似文献   

Electro‐Catalytic Degradation of Phenol Organics with SnO2‐Sb2O3/Ti Electrodes     

Kaijin Zhu  Wencai Zhang  Huifang Wang  Zhongliang Xiao 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(1):97-102

The effect of extraordinary degradation of phenol organics on the SnO₂‐Sb₂O₃/Ti electrode is investigated through experimental research and theoretical analysis. The phenol organics contained 4‐chloro‐phenol, 4‐bromo‐phenol, and 2‐iodo‐phenol. At a current density of 4 mA cm^–2 and an electrolysis time of 12 h, the degradation efficiency of the phenols was over 98% with a relatively short degradation time, whereas the degradation time of the PbO₂/Ti electrode surpassed 40 h while delivering 100% disposal efficiency. Therefore, the effectiveness of electrochemical (EC) oxidation by the SnO₂‐Sb₂O₃/Ti was superior to that of the PbO₂/Ti electrode. At the same time, the SnO₂‐Sb₂O₃/Ti had higher oxygen generation potential and lower electron consumption than the other electrodes. This was mainly due to the effect of the middle Sb₂O₃ layer, which due to its high porosity and good catalytic effect, contributed to a better catalysis than the SnO₂ part.  相似文献   

重庆新崖洞XY6石笋4.5ka以来高分辨率δ18O、δ13C记录的气候变化   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

李廷勇  李红春  袁道先  杨琰  王建力  王昕亚  李俊云  覃嘉铭  张美良  林玉石 《中国岩溶》2006,25(2):95-100

对采自重庆市东北部奉节县新崖洞XY6石笋进行ICP-M S-U系测年表明,该石笋生长时期为4. 5～ 0. 25 ka。石笋在4. 5～ 4. 1ka、3. 2～ 2. 5ka、1. 85～1. 5ka 期间相对偏负的δ18O和δ13 C值记录了3个相对湿润的时期;其中以4. 5～4. 1ka 时期δ18O最偏负,之后突然偏重,表示了中全新世气候适宜期的快速结束;之后东亚夏季风在波动中逐步减弱。该石笋没有明显记录到发生在1. 1～ 0. 9ka 的“中世纪暖期”事件。在4. 1～ 3. 2ka、2. 5～ 1. 85ka、0. 5～ 0. 25ka 期间相对偏正的δ18O和δ13 C值代表3个相对冷干的时期, 0. 5～ 0. 25ka是欧洲小冰期事件在本地区的表现。该地区气候在1. 5～ 0. 5ka 相对平稳,从前半段的相对暖湿过渡到后半段的相对冷干。XY6石笋δ13 C与δ18O具有非常一致的变化趋势,可能暗示了该地区为“暖湿、冷干”的水热配套模式,也表明本地区植被对气候变化的响应是快速的,并没有明显的滞后期。δ13 C与δ18O变化峰值的差异表明,在东亚季风区植被变化不仅取决于夏季降水的多寡,可能更主要的是受制于有效湿度的变化。   相似文献   

西南岩溶区生态环境可持续发展的生态足迹分析——以广西为例   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张燕  吴玉鸣 《冰川冻土》2006,28(2):293-298

生态足迹是一种度量可持续发展程度的方法,能定量判断一个区域生态环境的发展是否处于生态承载能力的范围内.以西南岩溶地广西为例,采用生态足迹的理论和方法对2004年广西区域生态足迹状况进行了测算和实证分析,并与2003年进行了比较.结果表明:广西人均生态足迹由2003年的1.1378 hm2上升到2004年的1.2239 hm2;人均生态承载力由2003年的0.5753 hm2下降到2004年的0.5736 hm2,广西经济社会活动对生态环境的需求强度已经超过了生态承载力的供给;人均生态赤字由2003年的0.5625 hm2增长到2004年的0.6503 hm2,处于不可持续的发展状态.必须采取相应措施,促使广西生态环境发展向良性和可持续方向转化.  相似文献   

松嫩平原西部典型农田需水规律研究   总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14  

李取生  李晓军  李秀军 《地理科学》2004,24(1):109-114

采用联合国粮农组织最新推荐的模型方法(FAO56),利用近10年的日气象资料对松嫩平原西部玉米、大豆、高粱等作物近10年的农田逐日需水量进行了系统研究。得出了本区不同作物的需水规律,并根据当地的有效降雨量,获得了不同作物不同时段的水分亏缺规律,为节水灌溉和提高作物产量提供科学依据。  相似文献   

河北平原地下水氘过量参数特征   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

晁念英  王佩仪  刘存富  万军伟 《中国岩溶》2004,23(4):335-338

氘过量参数是由Dansg aar d提出的一个新概念,它被定义为:d= δD-8δ18O。河北平原地下水氘过量参数有三个特征: ( 1)地下热水的氢和氧同位素组成显示出热交换的态势,d 值随地下水年龄增大而减少。( 2)在同一地区,d 值随着地下水埋深加大而增大。( 3)在同一含水层内,沿着地下水的路径,从补给区到承压区, d 值随着地下水年龄增大而增大。我们认为, d 值虽然是地下水年龄的函数,但最好和3 H、3H- 3He、14 C、36 Cl和4 He测年结果结合使用。   相似文献   

湿度效应及其对降水中δ18O季节分布的影响   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

章新平  姚檀栋  田立德  刘晶淼 《冰川冻土》2004,26(4):420-425

提出了湿度效应的概念,即降水中稳定同位素比率与大气的温度露点差ΔT_d存在显著的正相关关系.对两个气候特征完全不同的取样站乌鲁木齐和昆明降水中δ¹⁸O与温度露点差之间的关系进行了分析,尽管两站的δ¹⁸O与ΔT_d的季节变化存在差异,但它们的湿度效应是显著的.利用稳定同位素动力分馏模型并根据500hPa月平均温度的季节分布对昆明站云中凝结物中δ¹⁸O进行了模拟,模拟的月平均δ¹⁸O与月平均温度的变化具有非常好的一致性,说明昆明站云中凝结物中的氧稳定同位素具有温度效应.这个结果与地面降水中氧稳定同位素的降水量效应截然不同.昆明站降水中δ¹⁸O一定程度上指示大气的干湿状况,同时也间接地指示降水量的多寡或季风的强弱.湿度效应的存在,影响降落雨滴中稳定同位素蒸发富集的强度以及雨滴与大气之间稳定同位素物质迁移的方向.它不仅改变降水中稳定同位素比率的大小,也改变其季节分布的特点.  相似文献   

黄土高原西部兰州市郊人工林地水分亏缺与调控研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

段争虎  肖洪浪  宋耀选 《中国沙漠》2006,26(4):527-531

通过定位监测与对比分析,对兰州市南北两山不同水分管理人工林地植物水分亏缺度及植物水分亏缺补偿度的时空分布进行了研究。结果表明：灌溉林地的植物水分亏缺度最小,亏缺度大部分时间都在20％以下,有自然坡面集雨的林地植物水分亏缺状况好于不灌溉的林地,侧柏林地喷灌、自然坡面集雨和不灌三种处理方式下的植物水分亏缺度虽然稍有差异,但都处于水分极度亏缺的状况。补充灌溉除满足林地正常生长所需要的水分外,对土壤水分也有一定的补偿,补偿度在70％左右。其他不灌溉地块补偿度都为负值,说明这些地块整个雨季没有对水分进行补偿,还将土壤以前贮藏的部分土壤水分利用。植物水分亏缺度在空间上的变化与植物根系的分布相一致。既在水平方向上,随着离树干距离的加大,植物水分亏缺度依次降低。在垂直方向上,表层植物水分的亏缺度最低,随着深度的增加,亏缺度逐渐增大,100~120 cm深达到最大,以后又缓慢降低。植物水分补偿度是降雨与植物水分亏缺程度的反映,植物水分亏缺度越高,补偿度越大。  相似文献   

A simple method using climatic variables to estimate canopy temperature,sensible and latent heat fluxes in a winter wheat field on the North China Plain     

L. Li  Q. Yu  Z. Su  C. van der Tol 《水文研究》2009,23(5):665-674

Estimation of evapotranspiration from a crop field is of great importance for detecting crop water status and proper irrigation scheduling. The Penman–Monteith equation is widely viewed as the best method to estimate evapotranspiration but it requires canopy resistance, which is very difficult to determine in practice. This paper presents a simple method simplified from the Penman–Monteith equation for estimating canopy temperature (T_c). The proposed method is a biophysically‐sound extended version of that proposed by Todorovic. The estimated canopy temperature is used to calculate sensible heat flux, and then latent heat flux is calculated as the residual of the surface energy balance. An eddy covariance (EC) system and an infrared thermometer (IRT) were installed in an irrigated winter wheat field on the North China Plain in 2004 and 2005, to measure T_c, and sensible and latent heat fluxes were used to test the modified Todorovic model (MTD). The results indicate that the original Todorovic model (TD) severely underestimates T_c and sensible heat flux, and hence severely overestimates the latent heat flux. However, the MTD model has good capability for estimating T_c, and gives acceptable results for latent heat flux at both half‐hourly and daily scales. The MTD model results also agreed well with the evapotranspiration calculated from the measured T_c. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Winkler's method overestimates dissolved oxygen in seawater: Iodate interference and its oceanographic implications     

George T.F. Wong  Kuo-Yuan Li 《Marine Chemistry》2009,115(1-2):86-91

Dissolved oxygen in seawater has been determined by using the Winkler's reaction scheme for decades. An interference in this reaction scheme that has been heretofore overlooked is the presence of naturally occurring iodate in seawater. Each mole of iodate can result in an apparent presence of 1.5 mol of dissolved oxygen. At the concentrations of iodate in the surface and deep open ocean, it can lead to an overestimation of 0.52 ± 0.15 and 0.63 ± 0.05 μmol kg^− 1 of oxygen in these waters respectively. In coastal and inshore waters, the effect is less predictable as the concentration of iodate is more variable. The solubility of oxygen in seawater was likely overestimated in data sources that were based on the Winkler's reaction scheme for the determination of oxygen. The solubility equation of García and Gordon [Garcia H.E., Gordon, L.I., 1992. Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 1307–1312] derived from the results of Benson and Krause [Benson, F.B., Krause, D. Jr., 1984. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 620–632] is free from this source of error and is recommended for general use. By neglecting the presence of iodate, the average global super-saturation of oxygen in the surface oceans and the corresponding efflux of oxygen to the atmosphere both have been overestimated by about 8%. Regionally, in areas where the degree of super-saturation or under-saturation of oxygen in the surface water is small, such as in the tropical oceans, the net air–sea exchange flux can be grossly under- or overestimated. Even the estimated direction of the exchange can be reversed. Furthermore, the presence of iodate can lead to an overestimation of the saturation anomaly of oxygen in the upper ocean attributed to biological production by 0.23 ± 0.07%. AOU may have been underestimated by 0.52 ± 0.15 and 0.63 ± 0.05 μmol kg^− 1 in the surface mixed layer and deep water, while preformed phosphate and preformed nitrate may have been overestimated by 0.004 ± 0.001 and 0.06 ± 0.02 μmol kg^− 1 in the surface mixed layer, and 0.005 ± 0.0004 and 0.073 ± 0.006 μmol kg^− 1 in the deep water. These are small but not negligible corrections, especially in areas where the values of these parameters are small. At the increasing level of sophistication in the interpretation of oxygen data, this source of error should now be taken into account. Nevertheless, in order to avoid confusion, an internationally accepted standard needs to be adopted before these corrections can be applied.  相似文献